時隔16年，Science再次發布“全世界最前沿的125個科學問題”！

    《科學》雜志曾於(yú)創刊125周年之際發布過125個推動基礎科學研究的科學難題，對指引其後十幾年的科學發展産(chǎn)生積極影響。

      16年過去瞭(le)，科技發展日新月異，科學突破層出不窮，許多問題得到一定程度的解答，一些問題更深入。“巨大的變化在許多科學領域發生，現在正是回顧過往和展望未來的大好時機（great time），來尋找科學靈感。我相信這些問題将成爲代表未來的年輕人思考的重要部分。”世界頂尖科學家協會副主席、2013年諾貝(bèi)爾化學獎的主Michael Levitt在緻辭中說到。

      此次125個科學問題《科學》雜志專刊作爲交大建校125周年紀念活動之一，問題征集結合國際前沿、全球共需、科學發展，聚焦前瞻重大科學問題，面向科學家、學生、社會征集。世界頂尖科學家協會也發揮資源優勢，邀請諾貝爾獎、沃爾夫獎、拉斯克獎、圖靈獎、麥克阿瑟天才獎等世界“最強大腦”共同參與，共同讨論人類當前與未來面對的科學問題。

SJTU & Science 125個科學問題

Mathematical Sciences

數學

1. What makes prime numbers so special?

1.什麽使素數如此特别？

2. Will the Navier–Stokes problem ever be solved?

2.納維爾(ěr)-斯托克斯問題會(huì)得到解決嗎？

3. Is the Riemann hypothesis true?

3.黎曼猜想是真的嗎？

Chemistry

化學

1. Are there more color pigments to discover?

1.還(hái)有更多色彩元素可發(fā)現嗎？

2. Will the periodic table ever be complete?

2.元素周期表會完整嗎？

3. How can we measure interface phenomena on the microscopic level?

3.如何在微觀層(céng)面測(cè)量界面現象？

4. What is the future for energy storage？

4.能量存儲(chǔ)的未來(lái)是怎樣的？

5. Why does life require chirality?

5.爲什麽生命需要手性？

6. How can we better manage the world's plastic waste?

6.我們(men)如何更好地管理世界上的塑料廢(fèi)物？

7. Will AI redefine the future of chemistry?

7.AI會(huì)重新定義化學的未來(lái)嗎？

8. How can matter be programmed into living materials?

8.物質如何被編(biān)碼(mǎ)而成爲生命材料？

9. What drives reproduction in living systems?

9.是什麽驅動(dòng)生命系統的複(fù)制？

Medicine & Health

醫學與健康

1. Can we predict the next pandemic?

1.我們可以預測(cè)下一次流行病嗎(ma)？

2. Will we ever find a cure for the common cold?

2.我們會(huì)找到治療(liáo)感冒的方法嗎？

3. Can we design and manufacture medicines customized for individual people?

3.我們可以設計(jì)和制造出爲個(gè)人定制的藥物嗎？

4. Can a human tissue or organ be fully regenerated?

4.人體(tǐ)組織或器官可以完全再生嗎(ma)？

5. How is immune homeostasis maintained and regulated?

5.如何維持和調(diào)節(jié)免疫穩态？

6. Is there a scientific basis to the Meridian System in traditional Chinese medicine?

6.中醫的經(jīng)絡系統有科學依據(jù)嗎？

7. How will the next generation of vaccines be made?

7.下一代疫苗将如何生産(chǎn)？

8. Can we ever overcome antibiotic resistance?

8.我們(men)能否克服抗生素耐藥(yào)性？

9. What is the etiology of autism?

9.自閉症的病因是什麽？

10. What role does our microbiome play in health and disease?

10.我們(men)的微生物組在健康和疾病中扮演什麽(me)角色？

11. Can xenotransplantation solve the shortage of donor organs?

11.異種移植能否解決(jué)供體器官的短缺問題(tí)？

Biology

生命科學

1. What could help conservation of the oceans?

1.什麽可以幫(bāng)助保護(hù)海洋？

2. Can we stop ourselves from aging?

2.我們(men)可以阻止自己衰老嗎(ma)？

3. Why can only some cells become other cells?

3.爲什麽隻有一些細胞會(huì)變(biàn)成其他細胞？

4. Why are some genomes so big and others very small?

4.爲什麽(me)有些基因組非常大而另一些卻(què)很小？

5. Will it be possible to cure all cancers?

5.有可能治愈所有癌症嗎(ma)？

6. What genes make us uniquely human?

6.哪些基因使我們(men)人類(lèi)與衆不同？

7. How do migratory animals know where they're going?

7.遷徙動(dòng)物如何知道它們要去哪裏(lǐ)？

8. How many species are there on Earth?

8.地球上有多少物種？

9. How do organisms evolve?

9.有機體是如何進化的？

10. Why did dinosaurs grow to be so big?

10.爲什麽恐龍(lóng)長(zhǎng)得如此之大？

11. Did ancient humans interbreed with other human-like ancestors?

11.遠古人類(lèi)是否曾與(yǔ)其他類(lèi)人祖先雜交？

12. Why do humans get so attached to dogs and cats?

12.人類爲什麽會對(duì)貓狗如此著(zhe)迷？

13. Will the world's population keep growing indefinitely?

13.世界人口會(huì)無限增長(zhǎng)嗎？

14. Why do we stop growing?

14.我們爲什麽會(huì)停止生長(zhǎng)？

15. Is de-extinction possible?

15.能否複活滅絕生物？

16. Can humans hibernate?

16.人類可以冬眠嗎？

17. Where do human emotions originate?

17.人類的情感源於(yú)何處(chù)？

18. Will humans look physically different in the future?

18.未來(lái)人類的外貌會(huì)有所不同嗎？

19. Why were there species explosions and mass extinction?

19.爲什麽會(huì)發(fā)生物種大爆發(fā)和大滅絕？

20. How might genome editing be used to cure disease?

20.基因組編(biān)輯将如何用於(yú)治療疾病？

21. Can a cell be artificially synthesized?

21.可以人工合成細(xì)胞嗎(ma)？

22. How are biomolecules organized in cells to function orderly and effectively?

22.細胞内的生物分子是如何組織從(cóng)而有序有效發(fā)揮作用的？

Astronomy

天文學

1. How many dimensions are there in space?

1.空間中有多少個維度？

2. What is the shape of the universe?

2.宇宙的形狀是怎樣的？

3. Where did the big bang start?

3.大爆炸從何處開始？

4. Why don't the orbits of planets decay and cause them to crash into each other?

4.爲什麽行星的軌道不衰減並(bìng)導(dǎo)緻它們相互碰撞？

5. When will the universe die? Will it continue to expand?

5.宇宙何時消亡？它會(huì)繼(jì)續膨脹嗎？

6. Is it possible to live permanently on another planet?

6.我們有可能在另一個(gè)星球上長(zhǎng)期居住嗎？

7. Why do black holes exist?

7.爲什麽存在黑洞？

8. What is the universe made of?

8.宇宙是由什麽構成的？

9. Are we alone in the universe?

9.我們(men)是宇宙中唯一的生命體嗎(ma)？

10. What is the origin of cosmic rays?

10.宇宙射線(xiàn)的起源是什麽(me)？

11. What is the origin of mass?

11.物質的起源是什麽？

12. What is the smallest scale of space-time?

12.時(shí)空的最小尺度是是多少？

13. Is water necessary for all life in the universe, or just on Earth?

13.水是宇宙中所有生命所必需的麽，還(hái)是僅對(duì)地球生命？

14. What is preventing humans from carrying out deep-space exploration?

14.是什麽阻止瞭(le)人類進行深空探測(cè)？

15. Is Einstein's general theory of relativity correct?

15.愛(ài)因斯坦的廣義相對論是正確(què)的嗎？

16. How are pulsars formed?

16.脈(mài)沖(chōng)星是如何形成的？

17. Is our Milky Way Galaxy special?

17.我們(men)的銀河系特别嗎(ma)？

18. What is the volume, composition, and significance of the deep biosphere?

18.深層(céng)生物圈的規(guī)模、組成和意義是什麽？

19. Will humans one day have to leave the planet (or die trying)?

19.人類有一天會不得不離開地球嗎（還(hái)是會在嘗(cháng)試中死去）？

20. Where do the heavy elements in the universe come from?

20.宇宙中的重元素來(lái)自何處(chù)？

21. Is it possible to understand the structure of compact stars and matter?

21.有可能瞭(le)解緻密恒星和物質的結構(gòu)嗎？

22. What is the origin of the high-energy cosmic neutrinos?

22.高能宇宙中微子的起源是什麽(me)？

23. What is gravity?

23.什麽是重力？

Physics

物理學

1. Is there a diffraction limit?

1.有衍射極限嗎？

2. What is the microscopic mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity?

2.高溫超導(dǎo)的微觀(guān)機理是什麽？

3. What are the limits of heat transfer in matter?

3.物質傳(chuán)熱的極(jí)限是什麽？

4. What are the fundamental principles of collective motion?

4.集體運動(dòng)的基本原理是什麽(me)？

5. What are the smallest building blocks of matter?

5.什麽(me)是物質(zhì)的最小組成部分？

6. Will we ever travel at the speed of light?

6.我們會以光速行駛嗎？

7. What is quantum uncertainty and why is it important?

7.什麽(me)是量子不確(què)定性，爲什麽(me)它很重要？

8. Will there ever be a "theory of everything"?

8.會有“萬有理論”嗎？

9. Why does time seem to flow in only one direction?

9.爲什麽時間似乎隻朝一個(gè)方向流動(dòng)？

10. What is dark matter?

10.什麽是暗物質？

11. Can we make a real, human-size invisibility cloak?

11.我們可以制作出真人大小的隐形鬥(dòu)篷嗎(ma)？

12. Are there any particles that behave oppositely to the properties or states of photons?

12.是否存在與(yǔ)光子性質(zhì)或狀态相反的粒子？

13. Will the Bose-Einstein condensate be widely used in the future?

13.玻色-愛(ài)因斯坦冷凝體未來會被廣(guǎng)泛使用嗎？

14. Can humans make intense lasers with incoherence comparable to sunlight?

14.人類(lèi)能制造出與太陽光相似的非相幹(gàn)強激光嗎？

15. What is the maximum speed to which we can accelerate a particle?

15.我們(men)最多可以将粒子加速到多快？

16. Is quantum many-body entanglement more fundamental than quantum fields?

16.量子多體糾纏(chán)比量子場(chǎng)更基本嗎？

17. What is the optimum hardware for quantum computers?

17.量子計(jì)算機(jī)的最佳硬件是什麽？

18. Can we accurately simulate the macro- and microworld?

18.我們可以精確(què)模拟宏觀(guān)和微觀(guān)世界嗎？

Information Science

信息科學

1. Is there an upper limit to computer processing speed?

1.計算機(jī)處(chù)理速度是否有上限？

2. Can AI replace a doctor?

2.AI可以代替醫生嗎？

3. Can topological quantum computing be realized?

3.拓撲量子計(jì)算可以實現嗎(ma)？

4. Can DNA act as an information storage medium?

4.DNA可以用作信息存儲(chǔ)介質嗎(ma)？

Engineering & Material Science

工程與材料科學

1. What is the ultimate statistical invariances of turbulence?

1.湍流的最終統計(jì)不變(biàn)性是什麽？

2. How can we break the current limit of energy conversion efficiencies?

2.我們如何突破當(dāng)前的能量轉換(huàn)效率極限？

3. How can we develop manufacturing systems on Mars?

3.我們如何在火星上開(kāi)發(fā)制造系統？

4. Is a future of only self-driving cars realistic?

4.純(chún)無人駕駛汽車(chē)的未來是否現實？

Neuroscience

神經科學

1. What are the coding principles embedded in neuronal spike trains?

1.神經元放電(diàn)序列的編(biān)碼準則是什麽？

2. Where does consciousness lie?

2.意識存在於何處？

3. Can human memory be stored, manipulated, and transplanted digitally?

3.能否數字化地存儲(chǔ)、操控和移植人類記(jì)憶？

4. Why do we need sleep?

4.爲什麽我們需要睡眠？

5. What is addiction and how does it work?

5.什麽是成瘾？

6. Why do we fall in love?

6.爲什麽我們會(huì)墜入愛(ài)河？

7. How did speech evolve and what parts of the brain control it?

7.言語如何演變(biàn)形成，大腦的哪些部分對(duì)其進行控制？

8. How smart are nonhuman animals?

8.除人類以外的其他動(dòng)物有多聰(cōng)明？

9. Why are most people right-handed?

9.爲什麽(me)大多數(shù)人都是右撇子？

10. Can we cure neurodegenerative diseases?

10.我們可以治愈神經(jīng)退行性疾病嗎(ma)？

11. Is it possible to predict the future?

11.有可能預知未來嗎？

12. Can we more effectively diagnose and treat complex mental disorders?

12.精神障礙(ài)能否有效診斷(duàn)和治療？

Ecology

生态學

1. Can we stop global climate change?

1.我們可以阻止全球氣候變(biàn)化嗎(ma)？

2. Where do we put all the excess carbon dioxide?

2.我們能把過(guò)量的二氧化碳存到何處(chù)？

3. What creates the Earth's magnetic field (and why does it move)?

3.是什麽創造瞭(le)地球的磁場(chǎng)（爲什麽它會移動）？

4. Will we be able to predict catastrophic weather events (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes) more accurately?

4.我們是否能夠更準確(què)地預測(cè)災害性事件（海嘯、飓風、地震）？

5. What happens if all the ice on the planet melts?

5.如果地球上所有的冰融化會(huì)怎樣(yàng)？

6. Can we create an environmentally friendly replacement for plastics?

6.我們可以創(chuàng)造一種環(huán)保的塑料替代品嗎？

7. Can we achieve a situation where essentially every material can be recycled and reused?

7.幾(jǐ)乎所有材料都可以回收再利用是否可以實(shí)現？

8. Will we soon see the end of monocultures like wheat, maize, rice, and soy?

8.我們會(huì)很快看到小麥、玉米、大米和大豆等單(dān)一作物的終結嗎？

Energy Science

能源科學

1. Could we live in a fossil-fuel-free world?

1.我們可以生活在一個(gè)去化石燃料的世界中嗎(ma)？

2. What is the future of hydrogen energy?

2.氫能的未來是怎樣的？

3. Will cold fusion ever be possible?

3.冷聚變有可能實現嗎？

Artificial Intelligence

人工智能

1. Will injectable, disease-fighting nanobots ever be a reality?

1.可注射的抗病納米機(jī)器人會(huì)成爲現實嗎？

2. Will it be possible to create sentient robots?

2.是否有可能創(chuàng)建有感知力的機(jī)器人？

3. Is there a limit to human intelligence?

3.人類智力是否有極限？

4. Will artificial intelligence replace humans?

4.人工智能會(huì)取代人類(lèi)嗎？

5. How does group intelligence emerge?

5.群體(tǐ)智能是如何出現(xiàn)的？

6. Can robots or AIs have human creativity?

6.機(jī)器人或 AI 可以具有人類創(chuàng)造力嗎？

7. Can quantum artificial intelligence imitate the human brain?

7.量子人工智能可以模仿人腦(nǎo)嗎(ma)？

8. Could we integrate with computers to form a human-machine hybrid species?

8.我們可以和計(jì)算機(jī)結合以形成人機(jī)混合物種嗎？

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